TYPES OF COMPUTER

COMPUTER TYPES

MAINLY COMPUTER HAVING 4 TYPES . THAT ARE  

1.      SUPERCOMPUTER 
2.      MAIN FRAME COMPUTER
3.      MINI COMPUTER
4.      MICRO COMPUTER

SUPERCOMPUTER  -

                          it is the most power full type of computer in the world . this machines have very high computing power compare to any other computer . in filed of  computational science, they playing very important role .  super computers are use many filed like quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling. 

TOP 10 SUPER COMPUTER IN WORLD 
original link of table - https://www.top500.org/system/177975

Rank	System	Cores	Rmax (TFlop/s)	Rpeak (TFlop/s)	Power (kW)
1	Sunway TaihuLight - Sunway MPP, Sunway SW26010 260C 1.45GHz, Sunway , NRCPC  National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi China	10,649,600	93,014.6	125,435.9	15,371
2	Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) - TH-IVB-FEP Cluster, Intel Xeon E5-2692 12C 2.200GHz, TH Express-2, Intel Xeon Phi 31S1P , NUDT  National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou China	3,120,000	33,862.7	54,902.4	17,808
3	Piz Daint - Cray XC50, Xeon E5-2690v3 12C 2.6GHz, Aries interconnect , NVIDIA Tesla P100 , Cray Inc.  Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) Switzerland	361,760	19,590.0	25,326.3	2,272
4	Gyoukou - ZettaScaler-2.2 HPC system, Xeon D-1571 16C 1.3GHz, Infiniband EDR, PEZY-SC2 700Mhz , ExaScaler  Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Japan	19,860,000	19,135.8	28,192.0	1,350
5	Titan - Cray XK7, Opteron 6274 16C 2.200GHz, Cray Gemini interconnect, NVIDIA K20x , Cray Inc.  DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States	560,640	17,590.0	27,112.5	8,209
6	Sequoia - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60 GHz, Custom , IBM  DOE/NNSA/LLNL United States	1,572,864	17,173.2	20,132.7	7,890
7	Trinity - Cray XC40, Intel Xeon Phi 7250 68C 1.4GHz, Aries interconnect , Cray Inc.  DOE/NNSA/LANL/SNL United States	979,968	14,137.3	43,902.6	3,844
8	Cori - Cray XC40, Intel Xeon Phi 7250 68C 1.4GHz, Aries interconnect , Cray Inc.  DOE/SC/LBNL/NERSC United States	622,336	14,014.7	27,880.7	3,939
9	Oakforest-PACS - PRIMERGY CX1640 M1, Intel Xeon Phi 7250 68C 1.4GHz, Intel Omni-Path , Fujitsu  Joint Center for Advanced High Performance Computing Japan	556,104	13,554.6	24,913.5	2,719
10	K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect , Fujitsu  RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) Japan	705,024	10,510.0	11,280.4	12,660

MAIN FRAME COMPUTER -

                       mainframe computers require the air conditioning for its proper working . even though mainframe are not so powerful as the super computer but also they have good speed and storage capacity . they are good for hold large data . like the airport use the mainframe computer for the hold data of many traversal .

MINI COMPUTER - 

                       this is also called mid range computer . It has a size of refrigerators . the mini companies . or big department of large companies are use this type of computer . 

MICRO COMPUTER -

                     Although there is less power, it is widely used and also it's popularity is much higher . microcomputer having 4 types desktop, laptop , tablet , handset . for common people it is useful device . 

HOW TO STUDY

  HOW TO STUDY

How to studey? It is a important question in approach of student. The study is not  just hard work it is a Art.  and every student should be know it. In this article we will discuss about it.

11 GOLDEN RULES OF STUDY -

1. Choose a quiet place for study .
2. study at morning time.
3. writing is important in study.
4. make a timetable and make changes on that after some period .
5. concentration of mind is very important.
6. self inspiration , self study and self discipline are keys of success
7. Nothing is impossible
8. at time of study all books and books are near to you and also instruments like pencil , pen, rubber etc.
9. After every 2 hours take 5 minute break .
10. homework is not study.
11. when studying  sit in proper position in which you feel comfort .

Clik to see Indian army 

 https://youtu.be/RzuEgj5nA0k

• study for what ?

Study for what it is important question ,because on  that seriousness and style of study is depends the study can have many purposes like for entertainment ,for knowledge ,for exam for,teaching and learning, for living good life.

- The study done for only entertainment doesn't have any seriousness .

- The seriousness and deepness in study for knowledge building is high.

- the study done for learning and teaching has deepness and doctorlism.

- study for good life have regularity and Research list.

By knowing what type of questions ask in exam you can prepare for exam , if we follow the structure of previous exam question paper, then we can really know what type of questions are asked in exam. and by analyzing of that you can reduce your efforts and get good marks in Less efforts.

• Intense urge -                                                                                                                                                                                                            Enhance knowledge through study should create the desire for physical, spiritual and social advancement   . where there is will , there is way .as you think eth so shall you become .If we do not have desire in our heart, then how can we reach our aim ? if you have desire in your hart nothing is impossible .

• right knowledge -                                                                                                                                                                                                       more the knowledge , more the pleasure , more the ignorance . more the pain . it is the golden rule of life . so knowledge of how to study is also important . so you have the intense urge as well as knowledge of how to study .

• hard work -                                                                                                                                                                                                             hared work is key of success. by doing a regular hared work the conman man can be do the things like super hero . always try and try do not  ask why ?                                                      do work like "do or die ". IF THERE IS no option for work the it done by full power .

• day to day work  -                                                                                                                   study about the chapter or lessen witch teach in tomorrows class . so you can better understand about that in class . and you become confident about that .                                                                                                                                       action without delay is soul of efficiency .                                 to forgot is a crime.                                 to be lazy is a greater crime.                 to neglect the duty and offer                excuses is greatest crime.
• DISCUSSION -                                                                                                        
  
  The discussion is the greatest way of doing study. because at time of discussion you not feel boring and also in very less time you learn about many things it is  entertaining way of study discuss about your queries to intelligent and topper student.
                                                                                                                  
• PRACTICE BY WRITING - The writing is 3 time more effective than reading . free time reading is equal to one time writing remember the definition by writing that again and again. due to which you can easily remember that also writing speed is increases ,handwriting become good ,confidence build up ,memory power increase . so it is good way of practice by writing .
• NOTES MAKING - After complete study of chapter note making is important important definition math problems formula chemical reaction temperature conditions of process this all should be note down in sequence
• HOW TO MAKE NOTES - The  notes should be  short which includes the keywords and important terms make the note short so you can revise it in short time always keep I'm a scan copy of your own notes it is help you in case you lost your notes so you can  easily print it instead of make new one the handwriting sequence of notes is stored in your visual memory which can be destroyed his you make new notes so keeping a second copy is good idea
• SYMBOLS - Symbols are very important in physics and maths so you should be know every symbol properly and how to draw and  its pronunciation
• UNDERLING - When you feel it is important one then underline that portion . [ I strongly recommend  underline don't highlight by marker because when you take a photo copies then you got a blank strip of that person]  it is help you when you're not having enough time to make a notes or you don't want to make notes
• IN LIST THE FORMULAS - IN list the important formulas definition .  and everyday revise that I strongly say everyday it includes Sunday and vacation day also
• TEACH OR EXPLAIN TO OTHER - Teaching is very good way of learning if you explain about subject to your friend then you can get more command on that
• READING - Read the books as much as possible because continue reading is also key of success due to continuous reading your concentration is also get in direction of study.
• TIMING - At morning take a hard subject at afternoon take a common subjects at a night easy subjects or subject you like the heart and easy subjects for every student is different so choice of study timing of every subject is as per your choice.
• SLEEP TIME - Human needs at least 8 hours sleep that is very important don't avoid that as  my advise 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. is best time for sleep and after that you can ready for study and remember
  “ Early to bed and early to rise make a human healthy wealthy and wise” . That doesn't mean you sleep more that means you sleep sufficient time.
            
                          save secondS ,  second save  minutes ,
                          Minutes save Hours ,hours save  days ,
                          days save weeks ,  week saves months ,
                          months save years and hence one CAN save life .  Complete sleep is important for concentration . I strongly recommended that take sufficient sleep if don't have good health so that doesn't matter what marks on your Marksheet.                                                                                                                                                                                     
• SELF STUDY - Less depend on teacher the self study is good and well in every condition now a day to she becomes fashion instead of going Tuition you can do self study which saves your money and also it increase your knowledge and conference due to which you become creative. and confident in your life.
• COMPETITION - You must have competition with your friend classmate but not jealous that means be zealous no jelous .  one should have an ambition but one should not be ambitious .  if you have jelous  about anyone it  disturb your  concentration
• solve the problems - Solve the problems by yourself if you're unable to solve then and then you ask for difficulty but don't expect the answer kids if you get direct answer keys that didn't help me in your improvement you know that “ no pain no gain  “so solve by  your own  .
• UNDERSTANDING - Instead of memorizing the portion understand of that portion is better understanding is very important although it takes time but it is very good .  and in this way you can create interest on that subject P
• MAKE SUBJECT INTERESTING - If you make subject interesting then study becomes fun by regular study note making and understanding the terms the subject become interesting also used books in which subject describe the in simple language good teaching staff is also important
• SELF INSPIRATION - Self inspiration is very important in study don't show off that you are studying  . and without self discipline and self inspiration study is not possible
• PRACTICES UNTIL YOU UNDERSTAND - If you're facing problem of understanding something then practice it again and again until you completely understand that and you know” practice make man perfect.”  I know that some subjects are complicated and practice is only way to study of that subjects
• CONCENTRATION OF MIND - Our mind is very fast that doesn't stay on one place for long time so that is important to concentrate at morning time you can easily concentrate

friends if you are like that comment your suggestion and if you want to ask something then also comment and  and press the follow button .  thank you for  visiting our blog .

https://youtu.be/RzuEgj5nA0k

how maps are made

making the map

hell due to Google map and navigation Technology finding the any place or your location is very easy become a very easy but who sketch this maps how is this technology its work if the term maps are not in present or the maps are unknown why will be happen this or similar type of 

questions in your mind so let's know about how the maps are made

Indian army video clike below

                

            https://youtu.be/RzuEgj5nA0k

air compressor

 reciprocating air compressor

air compressor is a machine in which year interest at low pressure and it is compressed due to reciprocating action of Pistol this compressor air is at high pressure which is delivered to the tool in which this is used

applications of compressed air in coal mines all the tools are used phonetic tools example phonetic drill Kinetic hammer phonetic phonetic pick up Kolkata city see the electric motors or IC engines are not used in coal mines due to danger of Fire it is used for supercharging of IC engine or spray painting for inflation of tyres in blast furnace compressed air supply in brakes of automobiles for conveying material like powdered core sand or concrete through pipeline in manufacturing various chemicals example in manufacturing of synthetic NH3 very high pressure air is used

from the above PV diagram it is clearly observed that if compression is carried out by isothermal process then the the work done required is minimum compared to polytropic or adiabatic compression so the best value of index of compression is N is equal to 1 and isothermal compression is the best process for compressor which required minimum work input isothermal compression is very difficult to achieve in practical is isothermal process are required to perform at very slow speed that is speed of compressor must be keep very low or very slow which would be required more time for compression show the following practical methods are used to actually isothermal compression for high speed compressor the main object of all the methods is reduce the final temperature T2 during compression during compression so that actual work approaches more closely to the isothermal compression injection

spray injection water jacketing intercooling external fans isothermal efficiency it is measure of degree to which isothermal compression is achieved it is ratio of isothermal work input to actual work output higher the isothermal efficiency more closer to the isothermal compression

comparison between 2stroke and 4stroke engine

 difference between 2stroke and 4stroke

Fore stroke engine

1. valve system is used
2. it is costly
3. the compression ratio of air is less because of that it gives the less thermodynamic efficiency
4. having more volumetric efficiency
5. it having less weight
6. it is complicated to design
7. used in lightweight working at very high speed and where the energy is less required or less power consumption is required this type of application
8. it having less compression ratio
9. it works on Otto cycle or usually called petrol cycle
10. at each 4 stroke it get only one power Store

  

two stroke engine

1. the port system is used
2. it having less cost
3. it having greater compression ratio because of that thermodynamic efficiency is very great
4. volumetric efficiency is less
5. due to high compression ratio we required the strong cylinder because of that weight of engine is increases
6. it is very simple to design
7. it is used in any machine where the more power consumption measurement of power consumption is required like drugs and heavy artillery guns
8. it having more competition ratio
9. it is used in diesel cycle
10. at each two stroke we get one power stroke

two stroke engine or diesel cycle engine

 how to stroke engine works

in two stroke engine and diesel cycle engine  only two strokes are used to run the engine 

in this engine the ports are used for inlet and exhaust of gas in this engine there is no wall system because of that it becomes simple and less costly for the manufacture in the system only 2 strokes are used in First stroke the Piston moves from bdc to TDC due to this motion of piston air in the cylinder compressors and also the year is sir card in the case of Crank in this Piston Stroke in the stroke the compression and the suction happens simultaneously when the Piston reaches to the TDC the air fuel mixture is enters in the cylinder due to high temperature and pressure the compressive fuel is Ignite and Piston start to move from TDC to bdc this is second stroke at the stroke the exhaust and in late are happen simultaneously and we get power Stroke in the two stroke engine is off 360 rotation we get one power stroke because of that the two stroke engines are more powerful than four stroke engine

meaning of TDC and BDC in four stroke engine

what is TDC and bdc in four stroke engine

TDC means top dead centre and bdc means but I'm dead centre in four stroke engine Pistons moves in cylinder from upper and lower end the upper end of cylinder that is where the spark plug and inlet outlet was amount it is called top dead centre and the lowest part of the cylinder is called a bottom did of the cylinder Piston moves in the cylinder in between these two ends in four stroke engine 8 stroke the Piston moves although from TDC to bdc or bdc to PDC in example in power stroke Piston moves from TDC to bdc

what is ballistic missile

 ballastic missile

ballistic missiles are long range missiles but they are works like stone through by a human ballistic missiles are not controlled or their path UPTU the target they are just controlled at initially first page and the second page is in on own the Missile

what is Supersonic fighter planes

 Supersonic fighter planes

         the Planes which can be Cruise or whose velocity can be goes behind the Mac one that is velocity of such aircraft is greater than velocity of sound then a such aircraft is called a Supersonic fighter planes are Supersonic aircraft

evaporation condenser

evaporation condenser

       the steam to be condenser enters a cool day find a pipe at 1 in the water from cooling point is pumped to a horizontal header, which is fitted with spray nozzle the cooling water spread over the tubes get evaporated by observing the heat from Stem . this team lost its heat both to cooling tower water and the current of the air circulating over the water to the remainder of water cooling water falls into the cooling found and loose of water droplets this replaced by adding the quantity of gold makeup water the header airvuz up what carrying with it portion of cooling water evaporation into UFO the arrangement is simple cheap does not require large quantity of cooling water and sir needs a cooling water pump of small capacity the vacuum created his how were not so high as the surface condenser

condenser

 condenser

the closed vessel in which stream is condensed by observing the heat and where the pressure is maintained below atmospheric pressure is known as a condenser

nothing in this post

steam turbine

steam turbine 

steam turbine is a device which is designed to convert the energy of steam into mechanical power

          Jet turbine mainly consists of nozzle and rotary blade wheel the high pressure steam is expanded to low pressure in the notion or in the blade and the kinetic energy thus obtained the is supplied to the Rotary blade will it is transferred into mechanical work

           does in a steam turbine work is done by the action of kinetic energy and pressure energy of the steam acting upon the blades mountain on the rotating wheel

           depending upon the method by which the kinetic energy of steam is converted into shaft work the steam turbine has classified into impulse and reaction turbine

Throttling process

Throttling process

whenever a fluid flows through a certain flu registered device such as a partially opened wall, porous plug or a capillary tube it is found that the pressure of fluid decreases the process is called throttling process at is an Irreversible process in this process fluid undergoes expansion process it is free expansion process in this process the fluid does not exchange any heat over to surround

Mach number

Mach number

           it is the ratio of actual velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound in same field at the same state

1. if Mach number is less than 1 flow 8 subsonic or it is subsonic
2. if Mach number is equal to 1 then flow is called a Sonic or the projectile is called a Sonic
3. if Mach number is greater than 1 and less than 5 that is in between 1 and 5 then flow is called Supersonic
4. if Mach number is greater than 5 flow is called hypersonic or we can call projectile is moving at hypersonic speed

convergent divergent nozzle

convergent divergent nozzle

when the cross section of nozzle first decreases from its inlet to throat and then increases from its throat to exit is called as convergent divergent nozzle

1. the smallest a cross section area of convergent divergent nozzle is called as a throut
2. for pressure ratio less than critical pressure ratio a divergent part is Nick in addition to conversion path to obtain for the pressure drop and he to drop to accelerate the floow to Supersonic speed
3. the divergent part is to be longer than convergent part because the divergent angle is limited to about 7 degree to prevent separation at the wall
4. the design of correct area at the throat and exit of the nozzle is very important as the flow through the nose I will be depend on the size for given pressure drop
5. nosal are alway designed to discharge maximum mass for given conditions

convergent nozzle

in convergent nozzle the cross section area decreases from inlet section to outlet section this type of nozzle is used up to pressure ratio of 0.58 when using saturated steam this is known as critical pressure ratio and is different for different fluids

   

steam nozzle

steam nozzles are used to produce high velocity Jet of steam which is required for working of steam turbine also these are used in injector which are used for pumping the seawater into boilers for maintaining a high vacuum in power plant convergent divergent nozzle are also used

          steam nozzle is a passage of varying cross section area where steam expands from high pressure to low pressure with increase in its velocity the amount of energy converted into kinetic energy depends on pressure drop and type of expansion

          isentropic expansion provides the maximum conversion generally nozzles are so shaped that isentropic expansion is obtained

Boiler Efficiency

it is defined as the ratio of actual heat utilised to produce steam to total heat supplied by the fuel

factor of evaporation

it is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed by 1 kg of fuel water to convert it into steam under actual working condition to heat absorbed by 1 kg of water from at hundred degree Celsius at 1.01325 bar

evaporation rate or evaporation capacity

evaporation rate is the amount of steam generator by boiler in one hour this operation rate is defined on various bases such as area of grant or furnace value or or or quantity of fuel

boiler

boiler is a closed vessel having minimum capacity of 14.5 and working pressure of 3.5 or above they are used to produce steam from water by combustion of fuel

according to IBR to close the vessel having minimum capacity of two 2.57 letter comes under boilers act such boilers are used to register at boiler Inspector office every year various types of inspections will carried out by boiler inspector

strain energy and impact load

 strain energy 

when external deformig force is applied on the body then bodu is strained , and the energy is absorbed in the body .  this energy is called strain energy .

or 

the energy stored in the body due to straining effect is known as stain energy .

some important definations 

resilanc:  the resilance menas total amount of strain energy stored in the stained body .

proof of resilanc : the maximum strain energy stored in body

modulas of resilace : proof resilace of matterial per unit volume of the body

stress and strain

strength of material : 

when the external force act on body then deformation is accrue in the body.

the elastic body resist this deformation . this resistance is called strength of material .

stress:

the internal resisting force develop in the body when external deforming force is applied in the body is known as stress.

OR

stress is define as stress per unit area .

mathematically :

            

stress  = ( load ) / ( area )  

types of stress:

1. tensile stress :

stress induced in body when two equal and opposite  forces are applied on the body due to which there is increase in length of the body is known as tensile stress . 

2. compressive stress:

stress induced in body when two equal and toward forces are applied on the body due to which there is decrease in length of the body is known as compressive stress . 

3. shear stress:

the stress induced in body . when tangential forces acts on body .

strain :

types of strain:

( note : tensile and compressive stain are simile or same in calculation . there is miner changes .  )

1. tensile strain:

the ratio of  change (increase)   in length to original length of the body is known as tensile stain.

                          strain  ( e) = change in length  (d L) / original length ( L)

2. compressive strain:

the ratio of  change (decrease)   in length to original length of the body is known as tensile stain.

                          strain  ( e) = change in length  (d L) / original length ( L)

3. shear strain:

shear strain = traveled distance of upper face / hight of body

hookes's  law :

it stat that within elastic limit stress id directly prepositional to strain .

that men within elastic limit stress to strain ratio is constant . and this constant is known as modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity or elastic modulus .

young's modulus : 

it define as ratio of tensile or compressive stress to corresponding tensile or compressive stress .

this is known as young's modulus or modulus of elasticity

it is generally denoted by E

             E =  tensile stress / tensile strain

or 

             E = compressive stress / compressive strain

modulus of rigidity or shear modulus :

the ratio of shear stress to corresponding shear strain is known as  modulus of rigidity or shear modulus 

it is denoted by  C ,G ,N .